[Water pollution caused by pesticides in an area of Antioquia]. / Contaminación del agua por plaguicidas en un área de Antioquia.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the frequency of pesticide use in agricultural, pig and poultry production to understand its influence on water resources in the village of Monterredondo in the municipality of San Pedro de Los Milagros (Antioquia) and diagnosing its quality. METHODS: 100 % of the households in the village were surveyed regarding chemical use. Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of three water samples was carried out in the Universidad de Antioquia's Environmental Engineering laboratory using standardised methods. RESULTS: The Hato stream was contaminated by 1,600 x 103 NMP/100ml coliforms and 220 x 10 NMP/100 ml E. coli. The Fray Juana stream had 1,600 x 103 NMP/100ml coliform contamination. Water sources were also contaminated by the use of pesticides such as Lorsban (chlorpyriphs), Burst (chlorpyriphs), Whip (chlorpyriphs), Neguvon (metriphonate) and Furadan (carbophuran) and insecticides like Ganabaño (cypermethryn) and disinfectants and Limpido (6 % sodium hypochlorite). CONCLUSION: Agricultural, pig and poultry production in the village has been producing a negative impact on water resources due to its reduced availability and pollution. The water from the samples analysed here was not suitable for human consumption.

[Three typologies for adolescents' mental health in north-eastern Medellín, Colombia, 2006]. / Tres tipologías de salud mental de los adolescentes de una zona de Medellín-Colombia, 2006.

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining typologies for adolescent students in north-eastern Medellin in 2006 concerning five mental health indicators (depression level, family functioning level, risk of suicide, consuming psychoactive substances and family vulnerability) linked to gender, age group and commune. METHOD: The information was collected from a stratified random sample of 779 adolescents who were proportionally assigned by the size of educational institutions in each commune in the study area; a 3,5 % error and 95 % confidence interval were used in such calculation. The students were given a questionnaire to fill in by themselves. RESULTS: Three typologies were presented where adolescents were classified as follows: two grouped adolescents without difficulties regarding the five mental health indicators and a third category grouped adolescents having problems in all the mental health indicators studied formed mainly by students from the Popular and Santa Cruz communes (35 %, around 15,636 students). CONCLUSION: The mental health of adolescent students from north-eastern Medellín was seen to be a multidimensional phenomenon needing interdisciplinary intervention and presented differences by gender, age group and commune.

Contaminación del agua por plaguicidas en un área de Antioquia / Water pollution caused by pesticides in an area of Antioquia

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de uso de plaguicidas en la producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola, para comprender su influencia en el recurso hídrico en la vereda Monterredondo del municipio San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia) y establecer un diagnostico de su calidad. Métodos Se aplicó una encuesta domiciliaria al 100 por ciento de las familias de la vereda, sobre el uso de productos químicos y se realizaron dos análisis, el fisicoquímico y el microbiológico a tres muestras de agua en el laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad de Antioquia bajo métodos estandarizados. Resultados La quebrada El Hato presenta una contaminación por Coliformes de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml y por E.coli de 220x10 NMP/100ml. La quebrada Fray Juana presenta un grado de contaminación de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml de Coliformes. Se encontró igualmente una contaminación de las fuentes hídricas por el uso de diversos plaguicidas como: Lorsban® (Clorpirifos), Ráfaga® (Clorpirifos), Látigo® (Clorpirifos), Neguvón® (Metrifonato), Furadán® (Carbofurán). Con insecticidas como, Ganabaño® (Cibermetrina) y desinfectantes como, Límpido® (Hipoclorito de sodio 6 por ciento). Conclusión La producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola en la vereda, está generando impactos negativos en el recurso hídrico, por la disminución y la contaminación de éste. Las aguas de las muestras analizadas, no son aptas para el consumo de seres vivos.

Objective Determining the frequency of pesticide use in agricultural, pig and poultry production to understand its influence on water resources in the village of Monterredondo in the municipality of San Pedro de Los Milagros (Antioquia) and diagnosing its quality. Methods 100 percent of the households in the village were surveyed regarding chemical use. Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of three water samples was carried out in the Universidad de Antioquia's Environmental Engineering laboratory using standardised methods. Results The Hato stream was contaminated by 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliforms and 220x10 NMP/100ml E. coli. The Fray Juana stream had 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliform contamination. Water sources were also contaminated by the use of pesticides such as Lorsban (chlorpyriphs), Burst (chlorpyriphs), Whip (chlorpyriphs), Neguvon (metriphonate) and Furadan (carbophuran) and insecticides like Ganabaño (cypermethryn) and disinfectants and Limpido (6 percent sodium hypochlorite). Conclusion Agricultural, pig and poultry production in the village has been producing a negative impact on water resources due to its reduced availability and pollution. The water from the samples analysed here was not suitable for human consumption.

Tres tipologías de salud mental de los adolescentes de una zona de Medellín-Colombia, 2006 / Three typologies for adolescents' mental health in north-eastern Medellín, Colombia, 2006

Objetivo Obtener tipologías de adolescentes escolarizados en la zona nororiental de Medellín en el 2006, por medio de cinco indicadores de salud mental, nivel de depresión, nivel de funcionamiento familiar, nivel de riesgo de suicidio, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y vulnerabilidad familiar. Métodos La información se produce desde una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 779 adolescentes que se asigna proporcionalmente al tamaño de las instituciones educativas en cada comuna de la zona y se calcula con un error del 3,5 por ciento y una confianza del 95 por ciento. Se aplica un cuestionario autodiligenciado a los estudiantes. Resultados Se muestran tres tipologías, dos de las cuales agrupan adolescentes sin dificultades en los cinco indicadores de salud mental y una tercera tipología con problemáticas en todos los indicadores de salud mental estudiados, formada principalmente por estudiantes de las comunas Popular y Santa Cruz, que representan el 35 por ciento del total, 15 636 estudiantes, aproximadamente. Conclusión La salud mental de los adolescentes escolarizados de la zona nororiental de Medellín es un fenómeno multidimensional que requiere una intervención interdisciplinaria y presenta diferencias por sexo, grupo de edad y comuna de residencia.

Objective Obtaining typologies for adolescent students in north-eastern Medellin in 2006 concerning five mental health indicators (depression level, family functioning level, risk of suicide, consuming psychoactive substances and family vulnerability) linked to gender, age group and commune. Method The information was collected from a stratified random sample of 779 adolescents who were proportionally assigned by the size of educational institutions in each commune in the study area; a 3,5 percent error and 95 percent confidence interval were used in such calculation. The students were given a questionnaire to fill in by themselves. Results Three typologies were presented where adolescents were classified as follows: two grouped adolescents without difficulties regarding the five mental health indicators and a third category grouped adolescents having problems in all the mental health indicators studied formed mainly by students from the Popular and Santa Cruz communes (35 percent, around 15,636 students). Conclusion The mental health of adolescent students from north-eastern Medellín was seen to be a multidimensional phenomenon needing interdisciplinary intervention and presented differences by gender, age group and commune.